CPU Bytes https://cpu-bytes.com Clear, citation-ready explainers on distributed systems, LLM architecture, and backend performance. en Wed, 12 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT AI Watermarking Just Changed the Rules, and Open Models Make It Messy https://cpu-bytes.com/blogs/field-notes/ai-watermarking-and-open-models https://cpu-bytes.com/blogs/field-notes/ai-watermarking-and-open-models Anthropic now embeds an invisible watermark in Claude's output at generation time, hidden in word choice rather than metadata. Here's how it works, what it means for AI content and SEO, and why open-weight models can't be forced to carry the same signal. Wed, 12 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Atish Raina AI Watermarking LLM SEO Open Source Models What's Actually Inside an AI Agent https://cpu-bytes.com/blogs/ai-agentic-systems/ai-agents-as-systems https://cpu-bytes.com/blogs/ai-agentic-systems/ai-agents-as-systems An AI agent is a tool-calling while loop, nothing more, until real users show up. Here's what's actually inside one: tool calls, the agent loop, memory, tracing, retries, and guardrails, layer by layer. Tue, 11 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Atish Raina AI Agents System Design LLM Observability What Is CUDA, and Why Does GPU Programming Create Vendor Lock-In? https://cpu-bytes.com/blogs/cuda/what-is-cuda https://cpu-bytes.com/blogs/cuda/what-is-cuda What CUDA actually is, how kernels, blocks and threads work, and why deep CUDA usage creates real vendor lock-in against AMD ROCm and Intel oneAPI. Wed, 05 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Atish Raina CUDA GPU Programming NVIDIA Parallel Computing Building a Cache-Augmented Generation System From Scratch https://cpu-bytes.com/blogs/ai-agentic-systems/cag https://cpu-bytes.com/blogs/ai-agentic-systems/cag How cache-augmented generation actually works, built from scratch with PyTorch and Hugging Face Transformers by prefilling a KV cache once and reusing it across questions. Mon, 03 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Atish Raina AI Agents CAG LLM KV Cache What RAG Actually Is (and Why Your LLM Doesn't Know Your Company Data) https://cpu-bytes.com/blogs/ai-agentic-systems/rag https://cpu-bytes.com/blogs/ai-agentic-systems/rag How does RAG actually work? It doesn't retrain your LLM, it changes what the LLM sees at query time by combining indexing, embeddings, vector search, and generation over your private data. Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 GMT Atish Raina AI Agents RAG LLM Vector Databases Tokens! What They Actually Are https://cpu-bytes.com/blogs/ai-agentic-systems/tokens https://cpu-bytes.com/blogs/ai-agentic-systems/tokens What are tokens in AI, really? Not words — they're subword units a tokenizer learns from raw text. Here's how tokenization, BPE, and token IDs actually work, and why it affects cost. Thu, 30 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMT Atish Raina AI Agents Tokens LLM